Struktur Baja, yang dikenal dengan kekuatan tinggi, konstruksi cepat, dan manfaat lingkungan, telah menjadi pilihan utama dalam arsitektur modern. Namun, ada perbedaan signifikan dalam standar dan peraturan di berbagai negara dan wilayah. Artikel ini akan menggunakan bahasa sederhana untuk menganalisis fitur inti dari standar internasional dan Vietnam serta menjelaskan bagaimana mereka memenuhi kebutuhan di wilayah seperti Timur Tengah dan Asia Tenggara.
I. Standar Internasional: Spesifikasi Mana yang Paling Sering Digunakan?
Secara global, standar struktur baja utama memiliki fokus masing-masing. Pemilihan standar harus didasarkan pada jenis proyek dan lokasi geografis.
| Standard Name | Applicable Regions | Core Advantages | Typical Application Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| AISC (USA) | Middle East, Americas | Strong seismic performance, flexible modular design | High-rise buildings in Dubai, oil storage tanks in Saudi Arabia |
| European Standards (EN) | Southeast Asia, Europe | Resistance to humid and tropical corrosion, suitable for coastal environments | Port facilities in Indonesia, industrial buildings in Vietnam |
| Vietnam TCVN Standards | Vietnam and the Mekong River Delta | Complies with local seismic and flood risk requirements | Commercial centers in Hanoi, bridges in Ho Chi Minh City |
Mengapa Perlu Menggabungkan Beberapa Standar?
Misalnya, ketika membangun pabrik multinasional di Vietnam, mungkin perlu untuk:
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Mengadopsi TCVN 5575 untuk memenuhi persyaratan gempa lokal (perlindungan level 7).
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Merujuk pada standar AISC untuk merancang atap bentang lebar guna meningkatkan pemanfaatan ruang.
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Menggunakan baja anti-korosi bersertifikat EN 1090 untuk menahan iklim lembab Asia Tenggara.
Kompatibilitas Teknologi Utama
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Desain Seismik:
AISC menekankan redundansi seismik dalam struktur modular, sementara TCVN 5575 fokus pada penggunaan baja dengan kekuatan lebih tinggi untuk sambungan kritis di daerah rawan gempa di Vietnam. -
Perlindungan Korosi:
Proyek di Timur Tengah sering menggunakan galvanisasi celup panas (dengan umur lebih dari 30 tahun), sementara iklim lembab Asia Tenggara memerlukan teknik sandblasting dan pelapisan tertutup untuk mencegah karat.
II. Beban Angin dan Salju: “Tantangan Tak Terlihat” untuk Struktur Baja
Meskipun salju jarang terjadi di Timur Tengah dan Asia Tenggara, angin kencang, hujan deras, dan iklim ekstrem tetap dapat memengaruhi keselamatan struktur baja. Oleh karena itu, perhatian harus diberikan pada masalah berikut selama tahap perancangan:
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Angin yang mengangkat atap bentang lebar
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Akumulasi air hujan dan kapasitas drainase
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Beban tambahan dari badai pasir atau abu vulkanik
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Ketahanan terhadap kelelahan dan getaran akibat dampak iklim yang berulang
| Region/City | Climate Type | Basic Wind Pressure (kN/m²) | Basic Snow Pressure (kN/m²) | Design Wind Load | Design Snow/Additional Load | HHY Technical Solution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle East – Dubai | Desert, High Temperature | 0.75 | 0.2 (Dust Accumulation Load) | 1.2 × Basic Wind Pressure | 0.3 (Dust Accumulation) | Nano windproof coating + Aerodynamic design |
| Southeast Asia – Jakarta | Tropical Rainforest | 0.6 | 0.15 (Rainwater Accumulation) | 1.4 × Typhoon Correction Factor | 0.5 (Rainwater Drainage Design) | 25° sloped roof + Denser purlins (1.2m spacing) |
| South Asia – Mumbai | Monsoon Coast | 0.65 | 0.0 | 1.3 × Coastal Correction Factor | 0.4 (Salt Mist Corrosion Protection) | Hot-dip galvanizing (120μm) + Cathodic protection |
| Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh | Typhoon, Rainy | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.5 × Typhoon Zone Coefficient | 0.6 (Typhoon Uplift Protection) | Windproof anchoring devices + BRB energy-dissipating braces |
| Indonesia – Bali | Volcanic, Seismic Zone | 0.55 | 0.25 (Volcanic Ash Load) | 1.2 × Seismic Load Combination | 0.3 (Volcanic Ash Cleaning) | Flexible joints + Self-cleaning coatings |
Simplified Understanding of Wind and Snow Load Design
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Wind Load: Think of it like the force that could “topple a tower of blocks.” The taller the building, and the larger the surface area, the greater the wind pressure it will face. For example, the super-high-rise buildings in Dubai are designed to withstand 1.4 kN/m² of wind pressure.
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Rain and Snow Load: Roof accumulation of snow or rain is like an “extra weight.” In Hanoi, Vietnam, a design allowance of 0.8 kN/m² is made for rainwater load accumulation.
International Load Requirements
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AISC Standard: For Middle Eastern sandstorms, additional 20% safety margin is required at structural joints.
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European Standards: In Southeast Asian typhoon zones, purlin spacing should be reduced from the usual 2 meters to 1.5 meters to enhance wind resistance.
HHY’s Solutions: Combining Standardization and Customization
Case 1: UAE Logistics Warehouse
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Challenge: Once-in-50-year strong winds + sandstorm corrosion.
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Solution:
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Design the main frame using AISC standards to ensure seismic resistance and modular installation.
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Apply hot-dip galvanizing coating (≥85μm thickness) and ISO 12944 C5-M certified to resist sandstorm corrosion.
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Optimize roof slope (10°) and drainage system to reduce sand accumulation risk.
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Case 2: Indonesia Photovoltaic Power Station
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Challenge: Typhoon zone + high humidity.
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Solution:
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Combine EN standards for purlin design, tightening spacing to 1.2m for increased typhoon resistance.
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Use TCVN 5575 seismic design for the foundation, with flexible joints to absorb seismic energy.
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Apply arc-sprayed aluminum coating with a 50-year anti-corrosion lifespan, suitable for tropical rainforest climates.
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III. How to Balance International Standards and Local Regulations?
Preliminary Research:
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Middle East projects should refer to the Saudi SBC 306 standard for wind load correction factors.
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Vietnam mandates the use of TCVN 5575 flood load calculation charts.
Material Selection:
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Middle East: Prioritize ASTM A572 high-strength steel, suitable for high-temperature environments.
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Southeast Asia: Use EN 10025 steel, resistant to humid, tropical corrosion.
Construction and Acceptance:
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Welding procedures must comply with GB 50661-2011 to ensure weld strength.
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High-strength bolted connections are to be accepted according to AISC standards, with a friction coefficient of ≥0.35.
IV. Future Trends: Digitalization and Sustainability
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BIM Technology: Through 3D modeling, standards conflicts are detected early, such as identifying compatibility issues between wind loads and anti-corrosion coatings in the Dubai project.
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Green Steel: Promoting the use of recycled steel to reduce carbon footprints, in line with the Middle East’s “2030 Vision” and Vietnam’s sustainable development goals.
Building Steel Structures with HHY Steel Structure
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